Graphite

When a mark is made on paper with the “lead” of a pencil, tiny crystals of graphite are transferred to the surface. This soft, slippery mineral, which is also called black lead and plumbago, is a crystalline form of carbon . Graphite makes an excellent lubricant, because its multitude of flat, smooth crystals readily adhere to rough metal, producing a smooth surface and reducing friction. The chief use of graphite, however, is in foundries, where it gives a smooth facing to sand molds in which metal castings are made. Much is used also for crucibles, because it withstands very high heat, and for electrotyping and electrical apparatuses, because it is a good conductor of electricity. Another important use is in brake linings.
Graphite of high purity is made artificially from anthracite waste in electric furnaces at Niagara Falls, N.Y. Artificial graphite is also made in Canada and other countries. Most of the world's graphite is mined in Austria, Brazil, China, India, South Korea, Madagascar, Mexico, and Sri Lanka. The United States has deposits in Alabama, Alaska, Idaho, Montana, New York, and Pennsylvania, but little is mined because most of the deposits are low grade.